Editor’s Note: This article was originally published by RealClearEducation on April 20, 2021 and is crossposted here with permission.
Why Freedom of Association Is as Essential to the University’s Mission as Freedom of Speech
RealClearEducation has published a national opinion survey of students belonging to Greek-letter organizations, encompassing 4,620 students at 534 colleges and universities. Through a series of questions, we asked students whether they feel free to speak and express themselves in front of professors and their peers. We also asked them whether voluntary student organizations, including fraternities and sororities, are treated fairly and allowed to operate freely on campus. The results of the survey show that alongside the widely publicized controversies over freedom of speech on campus, there is a parallel conflict involving freedom of association. Many students don’t feel confident that their right to form or operate voluntary student organizations on campus is adequately protected.
Survey respondents included 1,805 fraternity members and 2,815 sorority members. Forty-nine percent disagreed with the statement, “There is no pressure on my campus for fraternities and sororities to be kicked off campus.” Forty-three percent of sorority members disagreed with the statement, and that number rose to 58% for fraternity members.
Whenever students form groups based on shared interests or beliefs, there is clearly a potential that they may end up at odds with others on campus who don’t share those same interests or beliefs. Therefore, student organizations of various kinds can find themselves in the crosshairs of zealous campus administrators, who understandably want to foster an inclusive environment on campus but often achieve the exact opposite effect.
Nearly 10 years ago, Vanderbilt University instituted a non-discrimination policy that prohibited any officially recognized Christian student organizations on campus from requiring that their leaders actually hold Christian beliefs. It was clearly within Vanderbilt’s constitutional rights to ban groups that required leaders to profess the Christian faith. As a private university, Vanderbilt isn’t subject to the same First Amendment rules as a public university. But, as my mother might put it: Just because you have a right, that doesn’t make you right.
Vanderbilt leaders’ notion of non-discrimination was ultimately self-contradictory. Their definition of inclusivity led to the explicit exclusion of several voluntary student groups. Their non-discrimination policy was itself discriminatory (albeit legally so).
The Vanderbilt case illustrates why a healthy protection for voluntary student groups is necessary for any campus that genuinely wishes to be inclusive. Paradoxically, a truly inclusive campus must allow voluntary student groups to be exclusive if they chose to be so. Enforcing belief systems or else prohibiting them—in the name of creating an inclusive campus environment—will always have the opposite effect. For this reason, mandating membership criteria for voluntary student groups is a practice best avoided by any university that claims to be committed to academic freedom.
The tension between these inherently self-contradictory conceptions of inclusivity and the right of voluntary student groups to form and function has grown in recent years. Nowadays, the primary concern is often gender identity. The right of single-sex organizations to exist on campus has come under greater scrutiny, alongside a growing debate over the participation of transgender athletes in women’s sports.
In 2016, Harvard University instituted a policy that barred any student belonging to a single-sex organization from holding leadership positions in campus groups or sports teams. And Harvard refused to endorse any such student for post-graduate fellowships, such as the Marshall or Rhodes scholarships. The policy was nearly as effective as an outright ban. And women were the hardest hit. Almost immediately, all female-only organizations at Harvard, including sororities, folded or ceased to exist.
Harvard’s reasoning mirrored the reasoning behind Vanderbilt’s actions five years before. And it had the same self-contradictory effect, particularly for women’s groups. But in this instance, the legal system was not on Harvard’s side. Fraternity and sorority groups sued the university in 2018, alleging sex discrimination and violation of Title IX laws, which forbid federal funding for any organization that discriminates on the basis of sex.
Harvard, which receives no small amount of federal funding, backed down and reversed its policy on single-sex organizations in 2020 after it became clear that the university was going to lose the federal lawsuit. Wesleyan University lost a similar lawsuit after it attempted to force its fraternities to go co-ed. Nevertheless, as gender identity has become a greater focus within our politics and culture, many who belong to single-sex organizations feel like they have a target on their backs. Nine percent of the students in our survey disagree with the statement “There is no pressure on my campus for fraternities and sororities to become co-ed.” And more than a third say their campus applies “special regulations or restrictions” to single-sex organizations, such as fraternities and sororities, that are not applied to other organizations.
On the positive side, a large majority of our survey respondents (84%) say students on their campuses do have access to student groups and organizations that reflect their “beliefs, identities, and interests.” And most students (72%) agreed with the statement “Student organizations on my campus are free to determine their own membership, values, and mission without interference from the administration or other students.” Unfortunately, that was not the case for everyone. More than one-in-five (22%) say student organizations are not free to determine their own membership without interference.
When it comes to the issue of speech and expression on campus, media coverage and public debate tend to focus on personal freedoms—professors who were fired or punished for controversial views or students who say they don’t feel free to speak openly on campus. Our latest survey confirms those problems but sheds light on an issue of equal importance—freedom of association.
To encourage the free exchange of ideas and healthy debate in the classroom, a university must be a forum for the broadest possible range of ideas. And to truly and meaningfully be such a forum, it must allow students to form voluntary groups on the basis of their ideas, beliefs, or identities. To do less would mean a university has chosen to define inclusivity and diversity in a way that diminishes both.
Read RealClearEducation’s full report – College Greek Life Report Card: A Survey of Greek-Letter Organizations Assessing Freedom of Association and Speech at U.S. Colleges and Universities.
Image: 1778011, Public Domain
The thing that needs to be remembered is that the people running higher education today were undergrads themselves forty years ago — during the absolute nadir of the Greek system. Fraternities back then were largely populated by drunken, obnoxious, & entitled louts — and the sororities weren’t much better (even if their members *were* cuter…). Like the woke activists of today, “Greeks” were exempt from all the rules that everyone else had to follow, and they flouted that power with impunity.
Hazing was a real problem and even though it had already been outlawed, it was still openly practiced. I was fired from my first student affairs job for objecting to hazing — the college president telling me that my issue was not the hazing but that that “they” (a fraternity) “wouldn’t let you in.”
In reality, they *had* — I’d actually torn up my “bid” because I had neither applied for membership in that fraternity nor had any desire to associate with a group of bullies who took pleasure in tormenting me. Why would I want to associate with them — I could have, I just didn’t want to. Or, as an undergraduate friend of mine said at the time, “why would I want to have to get into a bar fight because some mouthy jerk knew he had me behind him.”
Said college president (a WWII vet who had gotten his doctorate via the GI Bill) neither knew this nor that I knew both of the young lady’s parents, personally, and that when I saw their daughter standing like a zombie in my dormitory hallway, at 2 AM and not looking “healthy”, I kinda felt that I owed it to them to make sure that their daughter was OK. I’d have felt that way about any student in my residence hall, but in this case I knew *both* of her parents, and, ummm…..
Like I said, it was the absolute nadir of the Greek system. Some colleges (e.g. Colby, Amherst) abolished fraternities outright, and others shut down problematic houses. Like the railroads, the Greek system today is a whole lot smaller than it was in the 1950s — there are way fewer miles of track and way fewer chapters. It needs to be remembered that the administrators of today view fraternities and sororities as not what they may be today, but what they were in the administrator’s own undergraduate days — that’s human nature.
I perhaps should also mention that the fraternities have yet to eliminate the carnage of their hazing. and what I fail to understand is (a) why anyone would want to associate with purported “friends” who treat you in such a manner, and (b) why the national associations haven’t been able to impose a “thou shalt not” — if for no reason other than “the deaths make us look bad.”
Seriously, it’s one thing to have shared memories of when you were up three days straight helping the authorities drag tree boughs off the roads after a blizzard and wading through waist-deep snow to check on senior citizens — it’s something else when that memory is surviving a 4.55 BAC or being blindfolded and repeatedly tackled by your purported friends. (Both of the latter involve hazing fatalities…)
And hence I am torn — on the one hand, I believe that this is “a free country” and if someone truly is stupid enough to want to join a fraternity or sorority, the idiot ought to have the right to do so. On the other hand, there is no small amount of schadenfreude in seeing the once abusive “Greeks” no longer having the power that they once did.
I have no doubt that the We Hate AmeriKKKa” crowd attacking fraternities and sororities for what they represent — but that’s in an environment where administrators personally know exactly what these organizations got away with in the 1980s…
And I predict that the “woke” activists and their patrons in the administrations today will someday be facing a similar backlash in the future. It happened to the pre-GI bill academy, it happened to the WW-II veterans, it happened to the “Greeks”, and it will also happen to them.
And while, if I am still around, I will again insist that they also be treated “fairly”, but please don’t ask me about schadenfreude …